connecting to router or switch console if serial port is not available in computer

Opellsguru.blogspot.com

In the modern time most of  computer or laptop have no serial port . The new Computers or laptops the serial port replaced by Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports.
The  console port of switch or Router to make communication between the router or switch with system .You will need to use USB to Serial Adapter.The USB to Serial adapter may not be plug-and-play. You need to install the corresponding drivers also for these adapters. A typical USB to Serial adapter with console cable is shown below.

Communication with Router using the following methods

1. Console
2. Auxiliary
3. Telnet
4. SSH
5. HTTP
6. HTTPS

opellsguru.blogspot.com

Routers are special computers built to handle inter-network traffic. . The end users have not communicate with the routers, but the network traffic generated by the end users communicate through the router.Basically routers is using to connecting to or more different networks at the same time
A network administrator can choose any of the following methods to communicate with the router.

Connection by Console Port

 The console port is the management port which is used by administrators to log into a router directly-that without using a network connection. You require a terminal emulator application like hyperterminal or PuTTY or TERA TEAM to connect to router. Console port connection is a way to connect to the router when a router cannot be accessed over the network.

Connection by Auxiliary Port (AUX Port)

AUX port is using a remote computer through a modem that calls another modem connected to the router with a cable using the Auxiliary Port on the router. Auxiliary Port (AUX Port) allows a direct, non-network connection to the router, from a remote location. The Auxiliary Port (AUX Port) is providing help to  uses a connector type to which modems can plug into, which allows an administrator from a remote location to access the router like a console port.

Connection by protocols like telnet, SSH, HTTP or HTTPS

The routers can be managed over the network by using standard TCP/IP protocols like Telnet, SSH, HTTP or HTTPS. Telnet was developed in the early days of the UNIX operating system to manage computers remotely. A Telnet client and server application ships with Cisco's IOS software and most computer operating systems. SSH is a more secure way to configure routers, since the SSH communication is encrypted and the packet did not snaffing . Cisco IOS also has a HTTP server to managed web based communication with the router.

 

               Types Of Different Router Memory

RAM(Random Access Memory)

RAM is stand for (Random Access Memory) .RAM is Volatile memory its mean that when the router is shutdown or restarted loses its all information from RAM .In a Cisco router, RAM is used to hold running Cisco IOS Operating System, IOS system tables and buffers RAM is  used to store routing tables, keep ARP cache, Performs packet buffering (shared RAM). RAM Provides temporary memory for the router configuration file of the router while the router is powered on.

RAM Stores running Cisco IOS Operating System, Active program and operating system instructions, the Running Configuration File, ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) cache, routing tables and buffered IP Packets.

ROM(Read Only Memory)

ROM is read-only memory available on a router's processor board.In a ROM The initial bootstrap software that runs on a Cisco router is usually stored in ROM. ROM also maintains instructions for Power-on Self Test (POST) diagnostics. For ROM Software upgrades, the pluggable chips on the motherboard should be replaced.

Flash Memory

The Flash memory contains the full Operating System Image (IOS, Internetwork Operating System). Flash memory is an Electronically Erasable and Re-Programmable memory chip. This allows you to upgrade the OS without removing chips. Flash memory retains content when router is powered down or restarted.


NVRAM (Non-volatile Random Access Memory)

NVRAM is used to store the Startup Configuration File. This is the configuration file that IOS reads when the router boots up. It is extremely fast memory and retains its content when the router is restarted.